Technological Progress and Emergence of Policies with Priorities for the Development of Land-Poor Farmers in Bangladesh

This macro-level research analyzed sequential changes in agricultural policies and evaluated their impacts among various groups of farmers classified based on the land ownership. All supply-side agricultural policies from their origins to current year were divided into four phases where, government supports for agriculture were changed from adverse circumstances support, to direct enormous support, to reform-embedded support, and finally to collaborative support with private sector and Non-government Organizations (NGOs). The changing policies favored all types of farmers among whose reform policies contributed more. The small farmers in the past were not benefited from government policies but they were lately more benefited from coherent policies emphasized on the development of land-poor farmers.

Refugee Quota: is Estonia Ready to Receive Refugees? A Review of the Literature on Migration and Ethnic Minorities in Estonia

This study analyzes literature about migration and ethnic minorities in Estonia. Following initial identification and using content analysis process, existing literature were characterized into four major patterns: definition of immigrant population in Estonia, emigration and ethnic return migration in Estonia, formation of ethnic minorities and their structure, and ethnic minorities and integration. Despite of having long historical background of emigration, return migration and ethnic minorities in Estonia; existing literature lacks focusing on refugees and ethnic minorities having background from outside Europe. New question emerged from the reviewed literature, whether Estonia is ready to accept quota refugees under EU quota system

Identity practice: A study of Bangladeshi Immigrants Leisure Subculture and Identity Practices in Tallinn, Estonia

This paper addressed Game gathering in Tallinn, Estonia from the perspective of leisure subculture among Bangladeshi immigrants. By describing Identity and status practices, this paper figured how it is implemented through their leisure practices. This study also addressed the fact that leisure subculture is very important for the immigrants in order to get out of their stressful life as for many of them migration itself can be traumatic fact. Through ethnography this paper came up with the conclusion that leisure subculture provides a social cohesion which leads the immigrants to practice their different identity and status from within the community. This paper also argues that apart from collective identify, this kind of leisure subculture gathering gives recognition of an individual’s identity and status. Social gathering in the form of playing game of cricket was a place where the Bangladeshi immigrants not only practiced collective identity, they could feel the sense of belonging, also it provides a space to adapt individual strategies to perform and gain identity though that practices

Constructing Narratives through Storytelling: A Study of Refugees in Estonia

Very little investigation is done on refugees in Estonia and their construction of narratives in a new society. Refugees portray their memories of their own country while in exile in order to create their present individuality in a new land and to adapt to a new culture. This paper attempts to investigate refugees placed at a refugee accommodation centre and to analyze their present and past memories and stories to associating them with their coping mechanism. Using qualitative methods such as in-depth interviews, this paper brings out the argument that, in spite of being displaced from their homeland, refugees portray their country of origin via idyllic stories; family and community life are emphasized with the contrast of individualism. This paper argues that specific narratives can produce doubly-marginalized people, while at the same time, stories and memories from the past are significant for developing agency, so as to establish counter narratives

Untold Stories: A Study of Sudanese and Syrian Refugees in Estonia

The aim of this study was to explore the coping resources and the present and past experiences of two groups with refugee experiences in Estonia through narrative approach. Avert narratives, Struggling narratives, Instantaneous narratives, Boundary narratives, and Re-occurrence narratives identified through the interviews with 12 refugees. Differences between this two groups and individual accounts were also identified. The structure of the narratives, identity construction while in exile and coping mechanism through the narratives shaped their life stories and lives in exile. One significant outcome of this study is the lack of compatibility of the stories between two groups, through which five narratives established to elaborate the variety of their accounts

Untold Stories: A Study of Sudanese and Syrian Refugees in Estonia

The aim of this study was to explore the coping resources and the present and past experiences of two groups with refugee experiences in Estonia through narrative approach. Avert narratives, Struggling narratives, Instantaneous narratives, Boundary narratives, and Re-occurrence narratives identified through the interviews with 12 refugees. Differences between this two groups and individual accounts were also identified. The structure of the narratives, identity construction while in exile and coping mechanism through the narratives shaped their life stories and lives in exile. One significant outcome of this study is the lack of compatibility of the stories between two groups, through which five narratives established to elaborate the variety of their accounts

Optimal hedge ratio and the hedging performance of commodity futures: the case of Malaysian crude palm oil futures market

This paper aims to examine the hedging performance of the crude palm Oil futures Market in Malaysia. The optimal hedge ratios and the hedging performance are examined for two different futures contracts denoted as futures 1 and futures 2 using daily settlement prices from January 4, 2010 to October 31, 2017. Four econometric models comprising of the standard ordinary least square (OLS), vector auto-regression (VAR), vector error correction model (VECM) and the bivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (BGARCH) models are employed to compute hedge ratios. The first three models estimate constant hedge ratios while the last model estimates time varying hedge ratio. The effectiveness of the hedge ratios for two contracts is evaluated in terms of in-sample and out-of-sample performance. For in-sample performance, January 4, 2010 to October 31, 2016 period is used while for out-of-sample validation, a one year data from November 2016 to October 31, 2017 is used. The empirical results show that the bivariate GARCH model performs better in the reduction of risk for both periods and the nearest futures contract (next one month contract) appears to be better in hedging than the far futures contract (next two month contracts). This suggests that the investors can use crude palm oil futures contract particularly the nearest futures contract as an effective instrument to hedge the risk and the bivariate BEKK-GARCH as an efficient model for designing hedging strategy